Refrigerant conservation system

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a refrigerant conservation system and method for preventing the release of refrigerant to the atmosphere during high pressure system failure. Refrigerant is delivered from the refrigerant loop of the refrigerant system to an evacuated sealed receiver. The receiver tank may be retrofitted to the existing high pressure safety relief valve of a mechanical refrigeration system. When the pressure in the receiver tank exceeds a predetermined value, operating current is denied to the compressor to prevent its operation and to contain refrigerant within a closed system which would otherwise be discharged into the atmosphere.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for preventingthe release of refrigerant to the atmosphere.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In conventional refrigeration systems, if pressure buildup within thesystem exceeds a predetermined value, a safety valve will open torelease refrigerant to the atmosphere. This relieves pressures withinthe system and therefore avoids damage to the refrigeration system and apossible explosion. A refrigeration system which employs a safety valve(23) which releases refrigerant to the atmosphere is disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 1,703,299 to Copeman.

However, release of refrigerants to the atmosphere, while saving theequipment, unfortunately may contribute to pollution of the atmosphere.The U.S. and more than 80 other countries have reached a pact to haltthe production of chlorofluorocarbons, or CFC's after 1995. The leadingcoolants slated for replacing CFC's in the next generation of industrialair conditioners, or chillers, are HFC 134a and HCFC 123. Even these CFCsubstitutes have been accused of exhibiting some global warming effect,or small ozone-depletion effect, or causing benign tumors in rats. CFC'smay be used after the production deadline, but costs for therefrigerants will greatly increase as the supply decreases. CFC's havealready increased from about 50 cents a pound ten years ago to about$7.00 per pound. It is estimated that the pool of CFC's after the ban onproduction will supply only about 25% of current needs.

Thus, there exists a great need for conserving refrigerant, whether itbe the banned CFC's or their proposed replacements, both from anecological view and from an economic one.

European patent no. 250,914 employs a valve 8 and a container 1downstream of the valve to collect refrigerant and prevent therefrigerant from being released to the atmosphere during refrigerantdraining.

Japanese patent no. 28,967 discloses an expansion tank 11 whichcommunicates with the high pressure side of the refrigerant system vialine 17. The tank is connected to the inlet of a compressor by acapillary tube 14 and a check valve 15. A valve is opened when adischarge pressure of the compressor exceeds a specified value. Thevalve actuator 13 is controlled by element 12 which in turn communicateswith the discharge of the compressor 1.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,017 to Hancock et al employs tanks 16 (FIGS. 1 and2) and 316 (FIGS. 6 to 8) to accept refrigerant from the high pressureside of the refrigerant system. Condition responsive controlledcompressors 172 (FIGS. 1 and 2) and 372 (FIGS. 6 to 8) return vapor fromthe tank to the refrigerant system.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,736,763 to Garland illustrates the employment ofcondition responsive control means (FIG. 2) to control a compressormotor 28 and valves 21, 37 and 39 in response to pressure switches 38and 40 which communicate with receiver 16. The tank 33 located betweenvalves 37 and 39 contains a non-condensible gas.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,238,737 to Schrader et al discloses (FIG. 2A) a checkvalve 26 which releases refrigerant from liquid line 13A to a tank 17(column 4, lines 27 to 53).

U.S. Pat. No. 1,815,962 to Andrews discloses a pressurized refrigerantcontainer 40 to charge the refrigerant system. The patent also disclosesopening valve 38 to allow the compressor 20 to pump reserve from theevaporator into the receiver.

However, none of these references disclose shutting down the compressorand collecting refrigerant which would be released to the atmosphere ifit were not collected during a high pressure system failure.

The present invention provides a method and apparatus for deliveringrefrigerant from the high pressure and/or low pressure side of therefrigerant system to an evacuated sealed receiver and denying operatingcurrent to the compressor to prevent its operation when the highpressure safety valve opens so as to contain refrigerant which wouldotherwise be discharged into the atmosphere.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an apparatus and method for preventingthe release of refrigerant to the atmosphere during a high pressuresafety release situation encountered in a mechanical refrigerationsystem. A refrigerant receiver tank is connected to the high pressureside and/or low pressure side of the mechanical refrigeration system forreceiving refrigerant during the high pressure safety relief situation.A high pressure safety relief situation occurs when the pressure on thehigh pressure side or low pressure side exceeds a first predeterminedvalue which is higher than the safe operating pressure of the mechanicalrefrigeration system. To relieve the excessive refrigerant pressure,normally the refrigerant would be released to the atmosphere through asafety relief valve. In the present invention, the system is relieved ofthe pressure by releasing the refrigerant into the refrigerant receivertank rather than into the atmosphere.

Further operation of the compressor of the mechanical refrigeration unitis prevented when the pressure in the receiver tank exceeds a secondpredetermined value. The second predetermined value is substantiallylower than the safe operating pressure of the side of the mechanicalrefrigeration unit to which the receiver tank is connected. Thus, thepressure on the high pressure side is relieved by release of refrigerantto the receiver tank and the system is shut down so as to reduce theoverall pressure in the system without release of refrigerant to theatmosphere. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, thereceiver tank is connected to the high pressure side via the existinghigh pressure safety relief valve or blow-out valve of the mechanicalrefrigeration system.

The receiver tank may have a capacity which is sufficient to contain atleast 5% by weight, preferably from about 8% by weight to about 15% byweight of the refrigerant capacity of the mechanical refrigerationsystem. In preferred embodiments, the receiver tank receives refrigerantfrom the high pressure gaseous or vapor side of the mechanicalrefrigeration system. However, in other embodiments of the invention,the receiver tank may be connected via a refrigerant conduit to the highpressure liquid side of the mechanical refrigeration system, to the lowpressure side or to wherever a safety relief valve would otherwiserelease refrigerant to the atmosphere.

Under normal operating conditions, flow of refrigerant to the receivertank is prevented, and the refrigerant pressure in the receiving tank ispreferably less than about 1 psig. In embodiments of the invention, whena safety relief situation occurs, refrigerant pressure on the highpressure side may exceed the set point or blow-off pressure on apressure relief valve. The set point may, for example, be 200 psig orhigher. The excessive pressure causes the relief valve to open, therebypermitting flow of refrigerant from the high pressure side through arefrigerant conduit to the receiver tank. The flow of refrigerant intothe receiver tank causes the pressure in the tank to increase. When thepressure in the receiver tank exceeds a predetermined value which may beless than about 10 psig, preferably less than or equal to about 5 psig,further operation of the compressor is prevented.

Preventing the operation may be achieved by means of a reverse actinglow pressure switch which is attached to the receiver tank. Activationof the switch when the pressure in the receiving tank exceeds apredetermined pressure results in the denial or cutting off of operatingcurrent to the compressor. In addition to cutting line voltage to thecompressor, current to the fans and other electrical devices may be cutoff.

The refrigerant conservation system of the present invention may be usedfor preventing the release of refrigerant to the atmosphere frommechanical refrigeration systems such as chillers, home air conditioningunits, heat pumps, auto air conditioners. reciprocating refrigerationsystems, centrifugal refrigeration systems, marine systems or any otherclosed loop mechanical refrigeration system containing a pressureactivated device to release gases to the atmosphere.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings illustrate the present invention but do not limit itsscope.

FIG. 1 is a schematic showing a safety relief refrigerant conservationsystem in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic electrical wiring diagram which may be used withthe safety relief refrigerant conservation system of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a refrigerant conservation system andmethod for preventing the release of refrigerant to the atmosphere froma mechanical refrigeration system during a high pressure safety reliefsituation or high pressure failure. The refrigerant conservation systemand method are applicable to existing refrigeration systems as well asto new installations. Mechanical refrigeration includes those processesin which the refrigerant is recovered and recirculated. In avapor-compression system, a compression machine is used which may haveeither a positive-displacement mechanism (reciprocating or rotarycompressor) or an impeller (centrifugal compressor). In the presentinvention, refrigerant which would normally be released to theatmosphere is collected in a refrigerant receiver tank. The resultingincrease in pressure in the receiver tank activates an electrical switchwhich denies operating current to the compressor of the mechanicalrefrigeration system so that further refrigerant compression is ceased.The activation of the switch may also be used to deny operating currentto fans, motors, and other electrical equipment to partially orcompletely shut down the refrigeration system.

Exemplary mechanical refrigeration systems which may be modified orretrofitted to conserve refrigerant in accordance with the presentinvention include residential, commercial, and automotive airconditioning systems, marine systems, heat pumps, reciprocating, rotary,and centrifugal compressor systems and chillers. Refrigerants which maybe conserved in accordance with the present invention include allman-made refrigerants such as freon 12 or other CFC's, HFC 134a and HCFC123.

As shown in FIG. 1, a mechanical refrigeration system 1 comprises aclosed loop system having four primary components. These four primarycomponents are a compressor 5, a condenser 8, an expansion valve ordevice 10 and an evaporator 12. In operation, a fluorocarbon refrigerantflows through the closed loop system. The refrigerant is compressed froma low pressure gaseous state to a high pressure gaseous state bycompressor 5. Refrigerant leaves the compressor 5, and flows into thecondenser 8. The condenser 8 serves as a heat exchanger, and isfunctionally similar to an automobile radiator. A fan 14 draws airthrough the condenser 8 to remove heat from the condenser 8, to therebyfacilitate the condensation of the compressed vapor into a cooled,liquified refrigerant. The cooled, liquified refrigerant then flowsthrough expansion valve or device 10. Expansion valve or device 10regulates the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator 12. During theevaporation process, the refrigerant expands into its gaseous state,absorbing heat in the process.

The refrigerant then passes through evaporator 12. Evaporator 12 servesalso primarily as a heat exchanger, and may have a construction similarto or identical to condenser 8. A fan 16 draws air through evaporator12. The contact of the air and the evaporator 12 cools the air. Thiscooled air can then be transported by appropriate ducts into the spaceto be cooled, such as the interior of the building, house, orrefrigerator to be cooled. Refrigerant is returned to the compressor 5via the low pressure side or suction line 17.

A heat pump system works similarly to a mechanical refrigeration system1, and is configured similarly to a mechanical refrigeration system 1.The primary difference between a heat pump and a standard mechanicalrefrigeration system is that a heat pump includes means to reverse theflow of refrigerant in the system, so that during a heating cycle, theheat exchanger that serves as a condenser during an air conditioningcycle serves as an evaporator during a heating cycle. The heat exchangerthat serves as an evaporator during an air conditioning cycle serves asa condenser during a heating cycle.

The mechanical refrigeration system 1 may include a high pressure port18 disposed downstream from the compressor 5, and a low pressure port 20disposed upstream from the compressor 5. Refrigerant can be introducedinto, and removed from the mechanical refrigeration system 1 through thehigh pressure port 18 and low pressure port 20. The high pressure port18 typically includes a coupling member 22 to which a line can becoupled to introduce refrigerant to, or remove refrigerant from the highpressure port 18. Low pressure port 20 also includes a similar couplingmember 24.

The refrigerant recovery system 25 includes a refrigerant conduit 28that extends between the high pressure vapor or gas line 30 of themechanical refrigeration system 1, and the inlet port 32 of the receiveror storage tank 34 by means of an optional coupling device or valve 36.The storage tank 34 may be a conventional type used in refrigerationsystems, such as those approved by ASHRAE, OSHA or Underwriter's Lab.The storage tank 34 includes an outlet 38 having a user actuable valve40 for charging or discharging refrigerant.

In embodiments of the present invention, the refrigerant receiver tank34 may be connected via its inlet 32 to the high pressure gaseous side30 of the mechanical refrigeration system 1 by means of a refrigerantconduit 28 and an existing safety relief valve or blow out valve 42. Thesafety valve 42 is placed in fluid communication with the high pressureside and with the receiver tank 34. The safety relief valve 42, whichmay be in or connected to the refrigerant conduit 28 prevents the flowof refrigerant to the receiver tank 34 unless the pressure on the highpressure side exceeds a first predetermined value which is higher thanthe safe operating pressure of the high pressure side of the mechanicalrefrigeration system.

As shown in FIG. 1, the receiver tank 34 may be connected via therefrigerant conduit 28 to an existing or pre-installed safety or blowout valve 42. In retro-fitting existing refrigeration systems, this is apreferred connection provided that sufficient space is available formaking the connections. If connection cannot be made to the existingsafety relief valve or blow out valve, connection can be made at anyconvenient point on the high pressure side of the mechanicalrefrigeration system. In this instance, connection may be made through anew safety relief valve or blow out valve which is set to open at apressure which is lower than the safety relief or blow out pressure ofthe existing valve. This arrangement results in diversion of therefrigerant into the receiver tank via the refrigerant conduit ratherthan through the safety relief or blowout valve into the atmosphere. Therefrigerant receiver may be attached via the refrigerant conduit to thehigh pressure gaseous or vapor side, such as line 30, between thecompressor 5 and condenser 8 as shown in FIG. 1. Connection may also bemade to the high pressure liquid side, such as at line 44 between thecondenser 8 and evaporator 12 or to wherever an existing safety valvefor release of refrigerant to the atmosphere is located. For example,connection may be made to the high pressure side and/or to the lowpressure side of a centrifugal refrigeration system. The safety reliefor blow out valve is preferably resettable. Existing non-resettablevalves, such as safety plugs are preferably replaced with a resettablesafety valve.

The safe operating pressure of the high pressure side of the mechanicalrefrigeration system 1 will depend upon the particular size and designof the unit. Safe operating pressures may, for example, range up toabout 500 psig. A safety valve or blow out valve 42 may, for example, beset to open when the pressure on the high pressure side exceeds 200psig, 300 psig, 400 psig, or the like. In any event, when the pressureon the high pressure side exceeds a first predetermined value which ishigher than the safe operating pressure of the high pressure side, thesafety or blow out valve 42 opens and permits flow of refrigerant viathe refrigerant conduit 28 into the receiver tank 34. Prior topermitting flow of refrigerant to the receiver tank 34 in the pressurerelief situation, the receiver tank 34 is preferably evacuated andcharged with refrigerant to a pressure of up to about atmosphericpressure. The receiver tank 34 may be charged to a pressure higher thanatmospheric but it decreases its surge capacity. The receiver tank 34may have a capacity which is sufficient to contain at least about 5% byweight, preferably from about 8% by weight to about 15% by weight of therefrigerant capacity of the mechanical refrigeration system 1.

As the receiver tank 34 receives refrigerant under a high pressuresafety relief situation, the pressure in the receiver tank 34 increases.When the pressure in the receiver tank 34 exceeds a predetermined valuewhich is substantially lower than the safe operating pressure of thehigh pressure side, a reverse acting low pressure switch 50 which isattached to the receiver tank 34 is activated. Activation may be set tooccur at less than about 10 psig, preferably less than or equal to about5 psig, but above the normal or safe charging pressure of the receivingtank 34. The reverse acting low pressure switch 50 may be set at, forexample, 1 psig. The low pressure switch 50 may be connected to theoutlet 38 of the receiver tank 34 by means of a refrigerant line 52which may be used to remove or charge refrigerant into the receiver tank34. The refrigerant line 52 may be accessed via a service valve 40.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, upon opening of the reverse acting lowpressure switch 50, operating current from lines 51, 52, and 53 to thecompressor 5 may be denied by means of a compressor contactor orelectrical relay device 55. The compressor contactor 55 may beelectrically connected via lines 58, 59 to switch 50 and via lines 62,63, and 64 to compressor 5. The compressor contactor 55 may compriseseveral relays or switches 66, 68, and 70 and a magnetic holding coil 72which operate at any conventional voltage or phase, such as 110 volts,220 volts or 440 volts. Line 58 may include conventional switches orcontrols such as low pressure switch 74, high pressure switch 76,thermostat 78 and motor overload 80 electrically connected betweenswitch 50 and contactor 55. Conventional reverse acting low pressureswitches 50 and contactors or relays 55, such as produced by HoneywellControls, may be used to deny operating current to the compressor 5. Thecontrols may be DC control circuits, low voltage AC control circuits,and the like. Pneumatic controls may also be used. Operating current maybe similarly denied to fans, motors, and other electrical components.Denying operating current to the compressor 5 prevents further operatingof the refrigeration unit 1 and any further rise in discharge pressure.

The captivated refrigerant, such as freon 12 will remain in the receivertank 34 and the unit will not run until a service technician repairs thecause of the high pressure safety relief or blow out conditions. Therefrigerant is recharged into the system 1, via the service valve 40,for example, or via other refrigerant charging or discharging ports. Thepressure in the receiver tank 34 is dropped to below the set point ofthe reverse acting low pressure switch 50 to permit the compressor tooperate. The set point of the low pressure switch 50 may, for example,be about 1 psig or below.

As shown in FIG. 1, the refrigerant conservation system 25 of thepresent invention may include a further safety relief valve 85 in therefrigerant conduit 28 which connects the high pressure side to therefrigerant receiver tank 34. The further safety relief valve or blowout valve 85 is arranged so that it does not prevent flow of refrigerantto the receiver tank 34 but permits release of the refrigerant to theatmosphere via outlet 87 if the pressure in the refrigerant line 28exceeds a predetermined value which substantially exceeds the pressureat which the existing safety or blow out valve 42 opens to permit flowof refrigerant to the receiver tank 34. The predetermined pressurerelief point for the further relief valve 65 may exceed the pressure setpoint for the existing pressure relief valve 42 by, for example, atleast about 25 psig. Exemplary set points for opening are 300 psig forexisting safety valve 42, 350 psig for further safety valve 65, and 5psig for switch 50 with a reset at 1 psig. The normal or safe chargingpressure may be 0 psig (1 atm) for the receiver tank 34. The refrigerantcapacity of the receiver tank 34 may be about 10% by weight of thesystem refrigerant charge.

What is claimed is:
 1. A refrigerant conservation system for preventingthe release of refrigerant to the atmosphere during a pressure safetyrelief situation comprising:a) a refrigerant receiver tank having aninlet and an outlet, b) a refrigerant conduit connecting said inlet ofthe receiver tank to a refrigerant loop of a mechanical refrigerationsystem, said loop having a compressor a high pressure side, and a lowpressure side, c) a safety relief valve in said refrigerant conduitcomprising means for preventing flow of refrigerant to the receiver tankunless the pressure on the side to which the receiver tank is connectedexceeds a first predetermined value which is higher than the safeoperating pressure of the side to which the receiver tank is connected,d) a reverse acting low pressure switch, attached to said receiver tank,comprising means for preventing further operation of the compressor ofthe mechanical refrigeration unit when the pressure in said receivertank exceeds a second predetermined value which is substantially lowerthan said safe operating pressure.
 2. A refrigerant conservation systemas claimed in claim 1 wherein said receiver tank has a capacity which issufficient to contain at least about 5% by weight of the refrigerantcapacity of the mechanical refrigeration system.
 3. A refrigerantconservation system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said refrigerantconduit includes a further safety relief valve which does not preventflow of refrigerant to the receiver tank, but permits release of therefrigerant to the atmosphere if the pressure in said refrigerant lineexceeds a third predetermined value which substantially exceeds saidfirst predetermined value.
 4. A refrigerant conservation system asclaimed in claim 1 wherein said low pressure switch is attached to saidoutlet of said receiver tank.
 5. A refrigerant conservation system asclaimed in claim 1 wherein said refrigerant conduit is connected to thehigh pressure gaseous or vapor side of the mechanical refrigerationsystem.
 6. A refrigerant conservation system as claimed in claim 1wherein said refrigerant conduit is connected to the high pressureliquid side of the mechanical refrigeration system.
 7. A refrigerantconservation system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the mechanicalrefrigeration system is a chiller.
 8. A refrigerant conservation systemas claimed in claim 1 wherein the mechanical refrigeration system is aheat pump.
 9. A refrigerant conservation system as claimed in claim 1wherein the mechanical refrigeration system is an automotive airconditioning system or a marine system.
 10. A refrigerant conservationsystem as claimed in claim 1 wherein said receiver tank has a capacitywhich is sufficient to contain from about 8% by weight to about 15% byweight of the refrigerant capacity of the mechanical refrigerationsystem.
 11. A refrigerant conservation system as claimed in claim 1wherein said reverse acting low pressure switch is electricallyconnected to a compressor contactor which provides line voltage to thecompressor of said mechanical refrigeration system, and opening of saidlow pressure switch denies operating current to the compressor.
 12. Arefrigerant conservation system as claimed in claim 1 wherein saidreceiver tank comprises a sealed tank which has been evacuated and thencharged with refrigerant up to about atmospheric pressure.
 13. Arefrigerant conservation system as claimed in claim 3 wherein said thirdpredetermined value exceeds said first predetermined value by at leastabout 25 psi.
 14. A refrigerant conservation system as claimed in claim13 wherein said second predetermined value is less than about 10 psig.15. A refrigerant conservation system as claimed in claim 13 whereinsaid compressor is permitted to operate only when the pressure in saidreceiver tank is less than about 5 psig.